LOKASI KOREA YANG TERDIRI DARI SEMENANJUNG SERTA 3200 BUAH PULAU YANG BESAR DAN KECIL, TERLETAK DI BAGIAN TIMUR LAUT DARI BENUA ASIA. KOREA TERELETAK BERSEBELAHAN DENGAN WILAYAH LAUT, RUSIA DAN CINA DARI ARAH KE UTARA, SERTA BERHADAPAN DENGAN JEPANG DARI ARAH SELATAN.
Lokasi di garis Lintang Utara dan Bujur Barat
Korea berada di semenanjung sebelah Selatan Benua Asia Timur, yaitu pada garis Lintang Utara 33°-38° dan 124°-132° Bujur Barat.Teritorial
Undang-Undang Republik Korea menetapkan semenanjung Korea dan pulau-pulau miliknya sebagai teritorial Republik Korea.
Luas Wilayah
- Total Luas Semenanjung Korea : 222 ribu 300㎢
- Luas Teritorial Korea Selatan : 99 ribu 600㎢ (45% dari total luas Semenajung Korea)
Cirikhas Bentuk Geografis
- Negara Korea berbentuk semenanjung yang memanjang dari utara ke selatan, namun jarak dari timur ke barat lebih panjang apabila pulau-pulau yang kecil juga dimasukkan. Panjang semenanjung Korea lebih kurang 840km dari selatan ke utara dan 1.200km dari timur ke barat.
- Korea terdiri dari bukit-bukit dan gunung-gunung yang mengelilingi hampir 75% dari kawasannya.
- Bukit-bukit rendah menjadi ciri utama di daerah selatan dan barat, serta gunung-gunung yang lebih tinggi terdapat di daerah timur dan utara.
Gunung dan Sungai
- Gunung yang paling tinggi di seluruh semenanjung Korea, adalah Gunung Baekdu(2.744m), sedangkan Gunung Hanla(1.950m) paling tinggi di Korea Selatan.
- Sebagian besar sungai-sungai di Korea mengalir dari timur ke barat.
- Sungai yang paling panjang di seluruh semenanjung Korea, adalah Sungai Amnok(790,7km) dan sungai yang paling panjang di Korea Selatan adalah Sungai Nakdong(525,15km). Selain itu, sejumlah sungai memiliki panjang melebihi 400km, seperti Sungai Duman (431,1km) dan Sungai Daedong(450,3km) di Korea Utara, dan Sungai Han(514,4km) dan Sungai Geum(401,4km) di Korea Selatan.
Garis Perbatasan
- Sungai Amnok dan Duman memisahkan semenanjung Korea dari Cina dan Rusia di utara.
- 3 bagian semenanjung Korea berhadapan dengan laut, yakni dengan Jepang di Laut Timur, dengan Cina di Laut Barat dan dengan samudera Pasifik di Laut Selatan.
IKLIM
Keistimewaan
Iklim di Korea bersifat iklim benua dan juga iklim samudra. Perubahan 4 jenis musim sangat jelas, hingga panas dan lembab di musim panas, sedangkan dingin dan kering di musim dingin.4 Jenis Musim
- Musim Panas
- Masa yang paling panas dalam setahun, mulai bulan Juni hingga Agustus. Pada bulan Agustus suhu rata-rata berkisar 25,4℃. Karena 3 bagian semenanjung Korea dikelilingi laut, hingga musim panas sangat sesuai dengan olahraga di laut. Musim berenang di pantai merupakan bulan Juli dan Agustus.
- Musim Dingin
- Masa yang paling dingin dalam setahun, mulai bulan Desember hingga bulan Pebruari. Suhu rata-rata berkisar -8℃ di daerah Utara, dan 0℃ di daerah Laut Selatan. Di musim dingin masyarakat Korea bisa menikmati olahraga di musim dingin dan pariwisata salju. Di kawasan pegunungan daerah timur, salju cukup banyak turun, hingga daerah permainan ski dan kawasan papan luncur salju dapat dinikmati mulai bulan Desember hingga bulan Pebruari.
- Musim Semi dan Musim Gugur
- Di musim semi mulai bulan Maret hingga Mei, dan musim gugur mulai bulan September hingga Nopember, tidak dingin dan juga tidak panas, hingga sesuai untuk berjalan-jalan. Di musim semi hujan relatif lebih banyak turun daripada di musim gugur, namun suhu udara cukup enak dan pemandangan disertai bunga dan pohon-pohon, indah sekali, jadi sesuai untuk berjalan-jalan. Di musim gugur udara sangat cerah, hingga paling sesuai untuk berjalan-jalan. Oleh karena itu, kebanyakan festival dan acara olahraga diselenggarakan di musim gugur.
Curah Hujan
- Curah hujan rata-rata per tahun 1260㎜. 50% hujan dari seluruh curah hujan, turun mulai bulan Juni hingga awal bulan September.
- Musim Hujan
- Mulai akhir bulan Juni hingga pertengahan bulan Juli merupakan musim hujan di Korea.
Bencana Iklim
- Cirikhas : Bencana di daratan seperti gempa bumi, jarang terjadi, sebagian besar bencana alam adalah seperti topan, hujan deras, salju lebat, musim dingin yang hangat, kerugian akibat cuaca dingin dan sebagainya.
- Topan - Diantara sekitar 28 topan yang terjadi setiap tahun di samudra Pasifik Utara, 2~3 topan yang melewati semenanjung Korea menimbulkan bencana.
- Hujan Deras - Biasanya hujan deras membawa bencana di musim panas. Kini kerugian akibat hujan deras cenderung semakin sering terjadi.
- Banjir - Meskipun pengendalian banjir lancar dilakukan berkat adanya pembangunan bendungan multiguna, namun terkadang terjadi kerugian banjir akibat hujan deras, musim hujan yang panjang dan sebagainya.
WARGA KOREA
Bangsa Tunggal
Republik Korea merupakan negara bangsa tunggal. Akhir-akhir ini jumlah orang asing yang tinggal di Korea semakin meningkat, maka memperlihatkan kecenderungan untuk menjadi negara multibangsa, namun Korea secara dasarnya bersifat kuat sebagai negara bangsa tunggal. Meskipun demikian, bangsa Korea tidak eksklusif, tetapi berusaha aktif menerima warga asing.Bangsa Korea
- Definisi
- Bangsa Korea menunjuk bangsa yang memakai bahasa Korea dan hidup di bagian timur Manchuria, yaitu semenanjung Korea. Bangsa Korea tergolong ras kulit kuning dan bahasa Korea tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Altaik.
- Asal-muasal
- Salah satu suku Ye Maek diantara suku Tungusik di masa kuno di wilayah Asia, berkembang menjadi bangsa Korea. Suku Ye Maek maju ke bagian timur dari daratan di zaman Batu Baru, kemudian bermukim di kawasan berbukit semenanjung Korea dan bagian timur Sungai Amur. Menurut catatan Cina, bangsa Korea dicatat dengan 'Dongi'. Sebagai suku totem yang memuja beruang, bangsa Korea bekerja di bidang pertanian dan perburuan, namun makin lama makin mapan sebagai bangsa pertanian. Negara pertama adalah Kojosun yang didirikan oleh Dangun.
Penduduk (Dihitung tidak resmi di tahun 2003) 인구(2003년 현재 비공식 추산)
- Jumlah Seluruh Penduduk : 75 juta 450 ribu orang
- Jumlah Penduduk di Korea Selatan : 48 juta 50 ribu orang
- Jumlah Penduduk di Korea Utara : 22 juta 400 ribu orang
- Jumlah Penduduk di Luar Negeri : kurang-lebih 5 juta orang
BAHASA KOREA
BAHASA NASIONAL REPUBLIK KOREA ADALAH BAHASA KOREA, YAKNI BAHASA YANG DIGUNAKAN WARGA KOREA DI SEMENANJUNG KOREA. KINI SEKITAR 70 JUTA ORANG DI KOREA SELATAN DAN KOREA UTARA, SERTA SEKITAR 3 JUTA 500 RIBU ORANG WARGA KOREA DI LUAR NEGERI MENGGUNAKAN BAHASA KOREA.
Rumpun Bahasa Korea
Dipercaya hingga sekarang Bahasa Korea termasuk rumpun Altaik.
Rumpun Bahasa Altaik
Bahasa Altaik meliputi bahasa Turki, Mongolia, Tungusik dan sebagainya mulai dari Siberia sampai Sungai Volga.Bahasa Korea dan Rumpun Bahasa Altaik
Alasan bahasa Korea dipercaya termasuk rumpun Altaik, adalah karena bahasa Korea mempunyai kecirikhasan susunan yang sama dengan bahasa lain yang tergolong rumpun Altaik.Bahasa Korea di Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara
Akibat semenanjung Korea terbagi cukup lama, heterogenitas bahasa antara Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara makin meningkat. Namun, perbedaan bahasa antar Korea, terdapat hanya dari makna kosakata, contoh penggunaan kosakata, istilah baru dan sebagainya, maka tidak ada masalah apa pun dalam komunikasi. Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara berusaha keras untuk mengatasi heterogenitas bahasa seperti itu, misalnya para pakar bahasa Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara bekerjasama meneliti bahasa.Bahasa Dialek
- Bahasa dialek Korea biasanya terdiri dari 6 jenis.
- Dialek daerah timur laut = di propinsi Hamgyeong Utara, propinsi Hamgyeong Selatan dan propinsi Yanggang di Korea Utara
- Dialek daerah barat laut = di propinsi Pyeongan Utara, propinsi Pyeongan Selatan, propinsi Jagang, dan daerah bagian utara propinsi Hwanghae di Korea Utara
- Dialek daerah tenggara = di propinsi Kyeongsang Utara, propinsi Kyeongsang Selatan, dan sekitarnya.
- Dialek daerah barat daya = di propinsi Cheola Utara, dan propinsi Cheola Selatan
- Dialek pulau Jeju = di pulau Jeju dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya
- Dialek bagian tengah = di propinsi Kyeonggi, propinsi Chungcheong Utara, Chungcheong Selatan, propinsi Kangwon, dan propinsi Hwanghae
HURUF KOREA, HANGEUL
Hangeul merupakan huruf tunggal khas KoreaPenciptaan Hangeul
Huruf Korea, Hangeul diciptakan oleh raja ke-4 di masa kerajaan Chosun, Raja Agung Sejong di tahun 1443 lalu, hingga diamanatkan di tahun 1446. Nama huruf Korea saat itu merupakan 'Hunminjeongeum' berarti 'tulisan untuk rakyat', yang akan menjadikan pembacaan dan penulisan bahasa Korea menjadi suatu urusan yang mudah bagi semua orang, tidak tertentu kelasnya. Huruf Korea terdiri dari 17 huruf konsonan dan 11 huruf vokal yang digabung untuk membentuk suku kata.
Bahasa Negara
Meskipun Hunminjeongeum diamanatkan, namun dokumen resmi tetap dicatat dalam huruf Cina. Setelah titah raja berisi huruf Korea harus dipakai sebagai pengganti huruf Cina, yang dikeluarkan di bulan Nopember tahun 1894, huruf Korea menjadi bahasa negara yang resmi setelah 450 tahun berlalu sejak Hunminjeongeum diciptakan.Huruf Korea Modern
Nama 'Hangeul' diciptakan oleh sarjana Ju Shi-kyeong, hingga dipakai sejak tahun 1913 lalu. Setelah itu, nama 'Hangeul' disebarluaskan setelah majalah rutin berjudul 'Hangeul' diterbitkan tahun 1927. 'Hangeul' bermakna 'bahasa untuk bangsa Korea', 'bahasa agung', dan 'bahasa terunggul di dunia', hingga sama dengan makna istilah Hunminjeongeum. Sesuai dengan yang ditetapkan oleh Institut Pengkajian Bahasa Korea tahun 1933, 4 huruf dari 28 huruf yang aslinya diciptakan, dihapuskan, hingga menjadi 24 huruf, yaitu 14 huruf konsonan dan 10 huruf vokal.Susunan
- Bunyi Awal ：Konsonan dasar 14 huruf, namun konsonan ini bisa dipakai dengan ganda, jadi jumalah konsonan lebih banyak.
- Bunyi Tengah ：Vokal dasar 10 huruf, namun pemakaian vokal ini bisa bertambah, jadi jumlah vokal lebih banyak.
- Bunyi Akhir ： Bunyi akhir, diungkapkan dengan konsonan seperti bunyi awal.
Keistimewaan
Bahasa Korea dipakai dengan menggabungkan konsonan dan vokal, maka sangat masuk akal dan mudah dipelajari'Bahasa yang Paling Logis di Dunia'
Bahasa Korea diakui sebagai 'bahasa yang paling logis di dunia'. Konsonan dan vokal mudah dibedakan. Terutama, konsonan menunjuk lokasi bibir, mulut dan lidah, hingga sangat logis.TAEGEUKKI
Bendera nasional Republik Korea adalah Taegeukki.
Sejarah Singkat Taegeukki
Asal-muasal- Bendera nasional tidak digunakan dalam sejarah Korea. Meskipun tahun 1880 (tahun ke-17 kekuasaan raja Gojong), penetapan bendera diusulkan pertama kali, namun tidak ada hasil. Setelah itu, pada bulan Agustus tahun 1882, Park Young-hyo, pertama kali memanfaatkan sebuah bendera berbentuk Taegeukki sekarang ketika pergi ke Jepang dan itulah asal-muasal Taegeukki.
- Penentuan sebagai Bendera Nasional
- Meskipun Taegeukki digunakan sebagai bendera nasional Korea sejak tahun 1883, rancangan dan polanya tidak jelas.
Setelah pemerintah Republik Korea diresmikan di tahun 1948, rancangan dan ukurannya ditentukan, kemudian Taegeukki yang ada, dideklarasikan sebagai bendera nasional Korea yang resmi pada tanggal 15 Oktober tahun 1949.
Setelah itu, peraturan-peraturan tentang peraturan pembuatan bendera nasional, peraturan pengibaran bendera nasional dan sebagainya berlakukan, hingga sistem mengenai bendera nasional disempurnakan.
Rancangan dan Makna Taegeukki
Pada bendera nasional Korea terdapat bulatan berwarna biru dan merah serta balok dengan bentuk yang berbeda dan berwarna hitam di empat sisi dengan dasar putih. - Warna Dasar
- Warna dasar putih melambangkan kebersamaan nasional, kemurnian dan pasifisme bagi bangsa Korea. Sejak masa lampau, bangsa Korea mengenakan pakaian berwarna putih, jadi dijuluki sebagai 'Baekeuiminjok' berarti 'bangsa yang mengenakan pakaian berwarna putih'. Oleh karena itu, warna putih dalam Taegeukki, melambangkan bangsa Korea.
- Taegeukyangeui
- Setengah lingkaran berwarna biru dan berwarna merah, dengan bentuk seperti angin puyuh. Pola Taegeuk ini merupakan pola tradisional yang dimanfaatkan bangsa Korea sejak masa silam. Warna biru bersifat 'yin' prinsip negatif di alam, melambangkan harapan. Sementara itu, warna merah bersifat 'yang' prinsip positif di alam, melambangkan ningrat. Bentuk bulat memiliki arti saling mendukung, jadi saling berkembang dalam hubungan persaingan. Oleh karena itu, Taegeuk diartikan asal semua makhluk, sekaligus sumber jiwa manusia.
- 4 Gwe
- Di 4 sudut bendera nasional Korea, Taegeukki terdapat 4 Gwe yang memiliki bentuk saling berbeda, masing-masing Gun, Gon, Gam, dan Ri. Gun menunjuk langit, musim semi, timur dan keramahan. Gon melambangkan tanah, musim panas, barat, dan keadilan. Gam berarti bulan, musim dingin, utara dan kecerdasan. Ri memiliki makna langit, musim gugur, selatan, dan kesopanan. Sagwe, yakni 4 Gwe tersebut terus berkembang Gun → Ri → Gon → Gam → Gun secara bergiliran dengan abadi.
- Makna Taegeukki secara keseluruhan
- Dasar berwarna putih, pola Taegeeuk dan 4 Gwe melambangkan perdamaian, persatuan, penciptaan, cahaya dan kemakmuran.
Pembuatan Taegeukki
- Ukuran
- Prosentase panjang dan lebar 3:2
- Kuncup Galah
- Tiang berbentuk bunga nasional Korea, Mugunghwa dan berwarna emas.
- Tiang Bendera
- Tiang bendera dibuat dengan bahan yang keras seperti bambu dan besi, dan berwarna pohon bambu.
LAGU KEBANGSAAN
Lagu nasional Republik Korea dan Lagu Kebangsaan
Sejarah Singkat Lagu Kebangsaan
- Asal-muasal
- Tidak ada lagu nasional yang resmi, namun sejak tahun 1910 di masa penjajahan Jepang, bangsa Korea menyanyikan lagu rakyat Skotlandia, berjudul Auld Lang Syne seperti lagu kebangsaan seiring dengan syair yang penggubahnya tidak terketahui.
- Penciptaan Lagu Kebangsaan
- Penggubah Ahn Ik-tae yang merasa sedih terhadap hal seperti itu, menggubah Lagu Kebangsaan pada tahun 1936. Namun, hingga tahun 1948 lagu rakyat Skotlandia, Auld Lang Syne, tetap dinyanyikan sebagai Lagu Kebangsaan Korea.
- Penetapan Lagu Kebangsaan
- Setelah pemerintah Korea dilahirkan, lagu yang digubah Ahn Ik-tae ditetapkan sebagai Lagu Kebangsaan Korea di tahun 1948.
Lagu Kebangsaan bersyair kasih sayang terhadap negara, tetap menjadi nama lagu kebangsaan Korea. Syair yang ada tetap dinyanyikan. Nama penggubah yang menggubah syair, belum diketahui, namun diramalkan Yoon Chi-ho, Ahn Chang-ho, Min Young-hwan dan sebagainya menggubahnya.
Isi Lagu Kebangsaan
- Irama
- Lagu Kebangsaan Korea merupakan kunci mayor A dan G serta bertempo 4/4 serta terdiri dari 16 sepatah. Syairnya 4 alinea dan susunan a-b-c-b dan bernuansa agung.
- Syair
- Syair berisi rasa sedih terhadap kehilangan negara, dan tekannya kuat untuk mengatasi kenyataan yang gelap di masa penjajahan Jepang. Selain itu, syair mengungkapkan pemandangan yang indah di Korea, dan berdoa untuk seluruh rakyat Korea agar dapat sama-sama berkembang secara abadi.
Mugunghwa
Bunga nasional Republik Korea adalah MugunghwaNama ilmiah bunga Mugunghwa merupakan Hibiscus Syriacus. Tempat asal meru pakan Minor Asia dan Mugunghwa terdapat di India, Cina, Korea dan sebagainya.
- Bentuk
- Tinggi 2 hingga 3m dan hampir tidak ada bulu di seluruh tunggul pohon dan ada banyak cabang. Kulit pohon berwarna abu-abu, terdiri dari serabut yang keras, jadi tidak mudah dipatah. Panjang daun berkisar 4~10cm. Daun berbentuk telur dan berbagi 3 bagian.Bunga
- Bunga berkembang mulai bulan Juli hingga September. Diameter bunga 6~10cm dan cabang bunga tidak panjang. Kebanyakan bunga Mugunghwa berwarna merah muda dan bagian dalam daun bunga berpola berwarna merah tua. Bunga berkembang di waktu dini hari, sedangkan menyusut di waktu matahari terbenam. Pohon kecil mengembangkan biasanya 20 kuncup, sedangkan pohon besar mengembangkan sekitar 50 kuncup bunga. Jangka berbunga selama sekitar 100 hari. Dengan kata lain, 2000~5000 kuncup bunga berkembang dalam setahun. Seperti itulah, cirikhas Mugunghwa adalah bunga berkembang secara terus-menerus.
- Sejak masa silam Mugunghwa banyak terdapat di Korea, jadi bangsa Korea menyebutnya sendiri sebagai 'Negeri Mugunghwa'. Menurut sebuah buku geografi berjudul 'Sanhaekyung' di Cina yang diperkirakan diterbitkan di abad ke-2, 'Hunhwacho' berkembang di waktu pagi dan gugur di waktu malam di 'Gunjaguk'. Dari tulisan tersebut, 'Hunhwacho' menunjukkan Mugunghwa dan 'Gunjaguk' menunjukkan Korea. Catatan seperti itu sering ditemukan baik di buku Cina maupun di buku Korea.
- Bunga Nasional Korea
- Berbeda dengan bendera nasional dan lagu kebangsaan, Mugunghwa tidak ditetapkan sebagai bunga nasional menurut undang-undang. Namun, Mugunghwa sering dikutip sebagai bunga yang melambangkan jiwa bangsa Korea sejak masa silam. Setelah itu, syair bagian ulangan lagu kebangsaan Korea yang ditetapkan secara resmi tahun 1948, dimulai dengan kalimat 'pegunungan yang dipenuhi Mugunghwa', hingga Mugunghwa semakin mapan sebagai bunga nasional. Mugunghwa dimanfaatkan untuk melambangkan trias politika, yakni eksekutif, legislatif, dan yudikatif serta juga kuncup galah bendera nasional Korea juga berbentuk Mugunghwa.
- Makna Mugunghwa
- Mugunghwa yang tidak mewah, melambangkan hati warga Korea. Dibandingkan dengan bunga lain, Mugunghwa tidak sering terjangkit penyakit, jadi melambangkan daya hidup yang kuat. Karena Mugunghwa kembali berbunga setelah bunga gugur, Mugunghwa melambangkan jiwa yang tangguh. Daun mudanya digunakan sebagai sayur-sayuran, bahkan kelopak bunga dan buah-buahan dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan ramuan dan teh. Dengan demikian, sifat serbaguna dari Mugunghwa seperti itu, sama dengan konsep pendirian Korea, yakni 'Hongikingan' untuk memanfaatkan seluruh dunia.
AGAMA
Republik Korea menjamin kebebasan agama, sehingga bebagai jenis agama aktif berkembang di Korea.
SEJARAH KOREA DIMULAI DARI MITOLOGI PENDIRI KOREA, DANGUN, SAMPAI MASA 3 KERAJAAN - MASA KERAJAAN SILLA BERSATU - MASA KERAJAAN KORYO - MASA KERAJAAN CHOSUN - MASA PENJAJAHAN JEPANG - PEMBAGIAN KOREA SELATAN DAN KOREA UTARA SERTA MASA REPUBLIK KOREA.
Di Korea ada banyak hal untuk dilihat, dimakan dan dinikmati. Selain lingkungan alam disertai gunung, laut dan ladang yang luas serasi dengan 4 jenis musim yang sifatnya jelas, peninggalan sejarah yang lama di Korea, yakni warisan budaya yang khas juga menarik tatapan mata turis asing.
Sementara itu, olahraga maritim, pendakian gunung, berbagai jenis olahraga di musim dingin, dan sebagainya, bisa dinikmati di Korea serta para turis dapat merasa senang mencicipi masakan tradisional Korea yang sekarang ini mendapat sorotan sebagai makanan well-being.
Kota metropolitan tidak mau tidur selama 24 jam, hingga pemandangan yang mewah dan kehidupan di waktu malam juga bisa mempersembahkan kenang-kenangan yang indah. Jika para turis tidak mau menikmati keramaian di kota metropolitan seperti itu, enak juga kalau memiliki waktu meditasi untuk merenungkannya sendiri di kuil yang sepi di pegunungan.
Sejarah Singkat Agama Korea
- Agama primitif di masa purba yang diketahui dari mitologi kuno, menganggap langit sebagai Tuhan teragung, yakni sesuatu yang melebihi segala hal. Hwanin atau Hwanung yang muncul dalam mitologi Dangun yang merupakan mitologi pendirian Korea, berarti langit atau Tuhan. Setelah itu, agama bersifat jampi untuk mengejar keberuntungan, menguasai dunia agama Korea. Namun, setelah masa 3 Kerajaan, agama Budha, agama Konfuchu dan sebagainya diperkenalkan, sistem agama berdasarkan konsep agama untuk mengejar keberuntungan, mapan di Korea. Selama masa 3 Kerajaan, masa kerajaan Silla Bersatu dan masa kerajaan Koryo, yakni hingga abad ke-12 lalu, agama Budha berkembang sebagai agama untuk masyarakat awam sedangkan agama Konfuchu sebagai konsep politik, namun memasuki kerajaan Chosun, agama Konfuchu didorong berkembang, sedangkan agama Budha ditahankan. Di masa akhir kerajaan Chosun, agama Kristin dimasuki, serta agama Chondo yang didirikan oleh Choi Che-wu di Korea pada tahun 1859, agama Jengsan yang didirikan oleh Kang Il-sun di Korea pada tahun 1902 dan sebagainya, dilahirkan.
Di masa modern agama Budha dan agama Kristin mapan sebagai agama utama, sedangkan agama Daejonggyo, agama Dangun dan sebagainya sebagai agama minor, serta shamanisme juga berakar bagi masyarakat awam.
Jumlah Pemeluk Agama Korea
- Korea Selatan
- Jumlah pemeluk agama di Korea berkisar 24 juta 970 ribu orang di tahun 2005 (menurut hasil sensus Direktorat Jendral Statistik Nasional), yakni mencapai 53,1%. Jumlah warga Korea yang belum memiliki agama berkisar 46,5%.
- Korea Utara
- Pada dasarnya Korea Utara tidak menjamin kebebasan agama dan juga bisa dikatakan bahwa agama yang sesungguhnya tidak ada di Korea Utara. Jumlah pemeluk agama di Korea Utara hanya 20 ribu hingga 30 ribu orang. Namun, jumlah pemeluk agama yang tersembunyi juga diramalkan tidak sedikit.
- Jumlah Pemeluk Agama Korea
| Penyebaran Agama | Jumlah | Persentase | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tahun 1985 | Tahun 1995 | Tahun 2005 | Tahun 1985 | Tahun 1995 | Tahun 2005 | |
| Non Pemeluk Agama | 23,216,356 | 21,953,315 | 21,865,160 | 57.4% | 49.3% | 46.5% |
| 0 | 2,571 | 205,508 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.4% | |
| Total Penduduk | 40,419,652 | 44,553,710 | 47,041,434 | |||
| Pemeluk Agama | 17,203,296 | 22,597,824 | 24,970,766 | 42.6% | 50.7% | 53.1% |
| Agama Budha | 8,059,624 | 10,321,012 | 10,726,463 | 46.8% | 45.7% | 43.0% |
| Agama Protestant | 6,489,282 | 8760,336 | 8,616,438 | 37.7% | 38.8% | 34.5% |
| Agama Katolik | 1,865,397 | 2,950,730 | 5,146,147 | 10.8% | 13.1% | 20.6% |
| Agama Konfuchu | 483,366 | 210,927 | 104,575 | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.4% |
| Aliran Won | 92,302 | 86,823 | 129,907 | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.5% |
| Aliran Cheondo | 26,818 | 28,184 | 45,835 | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| Aliran Jeungsan | 0 | 62,056 | 34,550 | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| Aliran Daegong | 11,030 | 7,603 | 3,766 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Dan lain-lain | 175,477 | 170,153 | 163,085 | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7% |
Agama Utama
- Agama Budha
- Agama Budha diperkenalkan sekitar abad ke-4 di Semenanjung Korea. Berbeda dengan agama Budha Hinayana yang mengejar kebenaran pribadi dan kebebasan dari nafsu duniawi, agama Budha di Korea bersifat agama Budha Mahayana untuk menyelamatkan masyarakat awam. Meskipun agama Budha merupakan agama asing, namun agama Budha berkembang bersama dengan budaya tradisional dan agama Korea. Agama Budha ditetapkan sebagai agama negara di kerajaan Shilla, kerajaan Shilla Bersatu dan kerajaan Koryo. Di masa kini juga agama Budha adalah agama terbesar di Korea dengan dianut lebih dari 40% pemeluk agama di Korea.
- Agama Protestan
- Sejak penyebar Injil asal Amerika Serikat memasuki Korea, agama Protestan masuk ke Korea. Para penyebar Injil yang kebanyakan berasal dari Amerika Serikat, memperluas lingkaran pekerjaan misionari lewat medis, pendidikan, kegiatan sukarela, proyek sosial dan sebagainya di masa perkembangan Korea.
Setelah agama Protestan berperan penting untuk membangkitkan semangat kebangsaan dan kemerdekaan selama masa penjajahan Jepang mulai tahun 1910 hingga 1945 tahun, agama Protestan bisa berakar lebih mendalam di masyarakat Korea. Namun, gereja yang menantang pemerintahan imperialisme Jepang, ditutup di masa akhir penjajahan Jepang, hingga terjadi situasi bahwa hanya gereja yang bekerja sama dengan pemerintahan Jepang bisa tetap dibuka. Meskipun demikian, gereja di Korea bisa lebih berkembang setelah mengalami kesulitan dan kesengsaraan seperti Perang Korea. Jumlah pemeluk agama Protestan di Korea menduduki urutan ke-2, diikuti jumlah pemeluk agama Budha.
- Sejak penyebar Injil asal Amerika Serikat memasuki Korea, agama Protestan masuk ke Korea. Para penyebar Injil yang kebanyakan berasal dari Amerika Serikat, memperluas lingkaran pekerjaan misionari lewat medis, pendidikan, kegiatan sukarela, proyek sosial dan sebagainya di masa perkembangan Korea.
- Agama Katolik
- Agama Katolik masuk ke Korea sekitar 100 tahun lebih cepat daripada agama Protestan, yakni di abad ke-18. Agama Katolik masuk dari dunia Barat oleh sejenis partai di masa kerajaan Chosun, yakni Namin yang saat itu diasingkan dari kekuatan. Agama ini awalnya dipelajari atas nama 'ilmu dunia barat' atau 'Seohak'. Dengan demikian, agama Katolik di Korea, disebarluaskan 'dengan mandiri' pertama kali di dunia lewat penyelidikan oleh dirinya sendiri dan permintaan pengiriman penyebar Injil.
Namun, pada awal masuknya agama Katolik, agama ini mendapat tekanan, jadi terdapat banyak korban, karena kerajaan Chosun menekankan kebijakan isolasi nasional, hingga agama Katolik dianggap sebagai suatu tantangan terhadap kebijakan negara. Masa kini pemeluk agama Katolik menempati 20% diantara seluruh pemeluk agama di Korea, hingga merupakan agama terbesar ke-3.
- Agama Katolik masuk ke Korea sekitar 100 tahun lebih cepat daripada agama Protestan, yakni di abad ke-18. Agama Katolik masuk dari dunia Barat oleh sejenis partai di masa kerajaan Chosun, yakni Namin yang saat itu diasingkan dari kekuatan. Agama ini awalnya dipelajari atas nama 'ilmu dunia barat' atau 'Seohak'. Dengan demikian, agama Katolik di Korea, disebarluaskan 'dengan mandiri' pertama kali di dunia lewat penyelidikan oleh dirinya sendiri dan permintaan pengiriman penyebar Injil.
- Agama Islam
- Pemeluk agama Islam pertama kali di Korea dilahirkan setelah beberapa warga Korea yang pindah ke Mancuria secara terpaksa di masa kekuasaan Jepang, mengontak pemeluk agama Islam yang sudah mapan di Mancuria.
Namun, penyebaran agama Islam yang sesungguhnya dilakukan oleh pasukan Turki yang mengikuti Perang Korea sebagai tentara Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa, PBB. Di tahun 1955 lalu Asosiasi Agama Islam Korea diresmikan dan imam pertama terpilih di Korea. Setelah mesjid pertama kali didirikan di daerah Hannam, Seoul di 1970-an, sejumlah mesjid didirikan di kota utama termasuk Busan, Daegu, Cheonju, Gwangju (di provinsi Kyeonggi), Anyang, dan Ansan.
Di akhir tahun 2007 lalu, jumlah pemeluk agama Islam di Korea ditaksir sekitar 140 ribu orang.
- Pemeluk agama Islam pertama kali di Korea dilahirkan setelah beberapa warga Korea yang pindah ke Mancuria secara terpaksa di masa kekuasaan Jepang, mengontak pemeluk agama Islam yang sudah mapan di Mancuria.
- Agama Tradisional dan Shamanisme
- Agama Konfucu di Korea bisa disebut bukan agama, melainkan sesuatu untuk dilihat dari sisi ilmu, filsafat etika dan sebagainya. Namun, bisa dikatakan bahwa seluruh warga Korea memiliki cara berpikir bersifat agama Konfucu.
Agama Cheondo, Agama Daejonggyo dan sebagainya, merupakan agama nasional yang memuja pendiri Korea, Dangun. Agama Budha aliran Won, dan Jeung San Do juga merupakan agama yang timbul di Korea.
Selain itu, Shamanisme juga berakar mendalam bagi warga Korea sebagai kepercayaan rakyat. Dengan demikian, warga Korea pergi ke peramal atau dukun untuk menghilangkan nasib buruk ketika menghadapi pilihan penting seperti membuka toko atau melamar sekolah atau untuk mendapat keberuntungan dan mencegah penyakit. Shamanisme seperti itu terdapat baik di kampung maupun di kota.
- Agama Konfucu di Korea bisa disebut bukan agama, melainkan sesuatu untuk dilihat dari sisi ilmu, filsafat etika dan sebagainya. Namun, bisa dikatakan bahwa seluruh warga Korea memiliki cara berpikir bersifat agama Konfucu.
SEJARAH
SEJARAH KOREA DIMULAI DARI MITOLOGI PENDIRI KOREA, DANGUN, SAMPAI MASA 3 KERAJAAN - MASA KERAJAAN SILLA BERSATU - MASA KERAJAAN KORYO - MASA KERAJAAN CHOSUN - MASA PENJAJAHAN JEPANG - PEMBAGIAN KOREA SELATAN DAN KOREA UTARA SERTA MASA REPUBLIK KOREA.
KINI TERITORIAL KOREA SAMPAI SEMENANJUNG KOREA DAN PULAU-PULAU MILIKNYA, NAMUN PANGGUNG SEJARAH SAMPAI WILAYAH TIMUR LAUT CINA.
Mitologi Pendiri Korea, Dangun dan Masa Kerajaan Kojosun
- Rakyat Korea dan negara Korea dimulai dari mitologi pendiri Korea, Dangun.
- Mitologi Dangun
- Hwanung yang merupakan anak putra dari Tuhan Langit, Hwanin, turun ke bumi untuk baik memimpin dunia bersama Tuhan Angin, Tuhan Awam, dan Tuhan Hujan, kemudian membangun 'kota Tuhan' di gunung Taebaek (yang sekarang ditempati Gunung Myohang di Korea Utara).
Sementara itu, beruang dan harimau berdoa menjadi manusia kepada Hangwung, hingga mendapat jawaban bahwa mereka harus makan mugwort dan bawang putih dan tidak melihat sinar matahari selama 100 hari untuk menjadi manusia. Harimau gagal mengi kutinya, sedangkan beruang sanggup melakukannya, hingga sukses menjadi wanita, yakni Ungnyeo.
Ungnyeo berharap melahirkan anak, maka Hwangung menikah dengan Ungnyeo ini, hingga melahirkan anak laki-laki, bernama 'Dangun'. Dangun Wanggom membangun negara bernama 'Chosun' dan menentukan Pyeongyangsung sebagai ibu kota.
Dangun memimpin negara itu selama seribu 5 ratus tahun, dan hidup selama seribu 908 tahun, kemudian menjadi Tuhan Gunung. (menurut Catatan Samguk Yusa yang dituliskan mengenai berbagai fakta sejarah oleh biksu Iryon pada tahun 1281) - Pemahaman Mitologi Dangun
- Proses kelahiran Dangun dijelaskan sebagai proses nenek moyang bangsa Korea untuk menguasai bumi di Semenanjung Korea.
Adanya beberapa Tuhan tersebut mengungkapkan negara ini telah memiliki teknologi maju termasuk di bidang pertanian. Wungnyeo yang diinkarnasi dari beruang tersebut, merupakan sejenis mahluk bumi. Perkawinan Hwanung dan Wungnyeo menunjuk proses bahwa kekuatan yang baru datang dan kekuatan yang ada, yakni mahluk bumi, diharmoniskan, maka membentuk bangsa baru.
Dangun merupakan lambang pemimpin untuk bangsa baru ini. Oleh karena itu, bangsa Korea menyebutnya sendiri sebagai 'anak Dangun'. - Masa Gojosun (tahun 2333 S.M ? ~ abad ke-2 S.M)
- Dangun Wanggom diperkirakan membangun negara di tahun ke-50 sejak raja Yoje di Cina naik tahta, yakni sekitar tahun 2333 sebelum Masehi.
Masa Gojosun dianggap masa pra sejarah. Dengan demikian, mitologi dan sejarah untuk masa itu berdasarkan cacatan kuno di Cina dan bukti ilmu purbakala. Nama Dangun Wanggom menunjuk bahwa masa Gojosun merupakan pujaan terhadap Tuhan dicerminkan pada politik. Masa Gojosun terdiri dari Josun Kuna, Josun Kija, Josu Wiman dan sebagainya, yaitu kekuatan pimpinan dirubah dari Dangun menjadi Kija, Wiman dan sebagainya. Masa Gojosun semakin ditutup setelah Gojosun gagal dalam pertengkaran hegemoni dengan kerajaan Han di abad ke-2 sebelum Masehi.
Masa 3 Kerajaan (abad pertama S.M ~ tahun 668 T.M)
- Berbagai suku berkumpul di Semenanjung Korea dan Mancuria, hingga meresmikan 3 kerajaan di abad pertama sebelum Masehi.
3 kerajaan itu adalah Kerajaan Koguryo di bagian utara Semenanjung Korea dan wilayah Mancuria, kerajaan Baekje di bagian barat Semenanjung Korea, dan kerajaan Shilla di bagian timur Semenanjung Korea.
3 kerajaan tersebut berkembang setelah berbagai suku bergabung, namun mereka tetap mempunyai kesadaran bahwa mereka adalah pewaris Dangun. - Kerajaan Koguryo (37 tahun S.M ~ tahun 668 T.M)
- Kerajaan Koguryo didirikan oleh 'raja Jumong(Dongmyong Songwang) di bagian selatan Mancuria. Teritorial kerajaan Koguryo mencakup sebagian Mancuria dan bagian Utara Semenanjung Korea, hingga kerajaan Koguryo tidak bisa dihindari dari pertentangan dengan suku Han di Cina.
Kerajaan Koguryo mengusir segala kekuatan Cina dari Semenanjung Korea setelah mempecundangi tentara Nakrang dan Daebang di Cina yang mapan di Semenanjung Korea di saat kerajaan Gojosun runtuh. Setelah itu, kerajaan Koguryo juga berhasil memukul mundur kerajaan Su di Cina di tahun 598 lalu, hingga muncul sebagai negara kuat di wilayah Asia Timur Laut.
Oleh karena itu, kerajaan Koguryo membuat jaya nama dengan memiliki teritorial yang paling luas dan militer yang paling kuat diantara 3 kerajaan.
Meskipun demikian, kerajaan Koguryo yang kekuatan nasional menjadi lemah akibat pertengkaraan dengan kerajaan Su, akhirnya runtuh oleh pasukan sekutu antara kerajaan Shilla dan kerajaan Tang, Cina. Setelah runtuh, kerajaan Koguryo disatukan oleh kerajaan Shilla, namun sebagian para migran yang menerima berbagai suku setelah pindah ke utara, berhasil mendirikan kerajaan Balhae. - Baekje (18 tahun S.M ~ tahun 660 T.M)
- Menurut legendanya, dua anak laki-laki dari raja Dongmyong Songwang di kerajaan Koguryo, yaitu Onjo dan Biryu membangun kerajaan Baekje setelah turun ke selatan. Dengan kata lain, kerajaan Baekje didirikan oleh kekuatan migran yang didorong dari kekuatan pimpinan kerajaan Koguryo.
Kerajaan Koguryo dari bagian utara, menghalangi kerajaan Baekje maju, dan melakukan pertukaran dengan berbagai kerajaan di Cina di bagian timur.
Sementara itu, kerajaan Baekje tidak bisa dihindari dari pertengkaran dengan kekuatan Cina di Semenanjung Korea, yaitu pasukan Daebang yang menguasai bagian selatan kerajaan Baekje, serta mengadakan pertempuran yang menyengsarakan dengan kerajaan Shilla di bagian timur yang semakin berkembang.
Meskipun bunga budaya yang mewah berkembang, namun kekuatan nasional menjadi lemah akibat pertengkaran kerajaan Koguryo, dan Shilla, hingga ditaklukkan oleh pasukan gabungan di tahun 660. Setelah runtuh, banyak migran pindah ke Jepang, hingga menyumbangkan jasa besar untuk membangun negara kuno di Jepang dan menciptakan budaya Jepang. - Shilla (57 tahun S.M ~ 935 T.M / termasuk masa kerajaan Shilla Bersatu)
- Dibandingkan kerajaan Koguryo dan Baekje yang aliran Buyeo, kerajaan Shilla berdasarkan cerita pendiri Shilla, Park Hyeokgeose yang lahir dari telur. Dengan kata lain, kerajaan Shilla diciptakan lewat keharmonisan antara para pribumi dan para pendatang yang memiliki peradaban maju.
Kerajaan Shilla termasuk kerajaan Shilla Bersatu, dijuluki 'kerajaan bersejarah selama seribu tahun' yang tetap ada selama 992 tahun. Kerajaan Shilla berlokasi di bagian tenggara semenanjung Korea, jadi sulit menerima peradaban maju. Oleh karena itu, kecepatan perkembangan kerajaan Shilla paling lambat diantara 3 kerajaan. Namun, berkat adanya perkembangan tanpa henti-hentinya, kerajaan Shilla meningkatkan kekuatan nasional di bidang militer dan budaya. Setelah bekerja sama dengan Tang, Cina, kerajaan Shilla meruntuhkan Baekje dan Koguryo secara berturut-turut, hingga berhasil menyatukan 3 kerajaan.
Masa Kerajaan Shilla Bersatu (tahun 668 ~ tahun 935)
- Masa kerajaan Shilla Bersatu menunjuk kerajaan Shilla setelah 3 kerajaan bersatu.
Kerajaan Shilla Bersatu yang menganut agama Budha, berhasil mengembangkan budaya yang bercahaya.
Setelah 3 kerajaan bersatu, kerajaan Shilla Bersatu mengusir kekuatan Tang, kemudian menguasai seluruh Semenanjung Korea kecuali sebagian wilayan utara. Di bagian utara, terdapat kerajaan Balhae yang didirikan oleh migran kerajaan Koguryo.
Oleh karena itu, kerajaan Shilla Bersatu meletakkan batu landasan untuk Korea menjadi negara bersatu.
Di akhir masa kerajaan Shilla Bersatu, lapisan pemimpin tenggelam dalam kemewaan dan hiburan, serta melalaikan keadaan negeri, hingga runtuh setelah kerajaan Goryo menyatukannya kembali.
Masa Kerajaan Goryo (tahun 918 ~ tahun 1392)
- Wang Kon, raja Taejo membangun kerajaan Goryo dengan menetapkan Song-ak(Kaesong sekarang) sebagai ibu kota. Setelah menyatukan kerajaan Shilla di tahun 935 dan meruntuhkan kerajaan Pasca Baekje di tahun 936, kerajaan Goryo berhasil menyatukannya kembali. Kerajaan Goryo memuja agama Budaha dan memperluas teritorial berdasarkan ‘kebijakan untuk maju ke utara'.
Namun, di masa akhir kerajaan Goryo, istana kerajaan dikuasai akibat penyerangan Monggol. Namun, kerajaan Goryo memulihkan kekuatan nasional dalam situasi kekacauan di masa pergantian kekuatan Won-Ming di Cina. Setelah itu, kerajaan Goryo menyerahkan tahta kepada jendral Lee Sung-gye setelah kekuatan kesatria semakin tinggi. Kerajaan Goryo berlanjut selama 474 tahun oleh 34 orang raja.
Masa Kerajaan Chosun (tahun 1392 ~ tahun 1910)
- Kerajaan Chosun diresmikan oleh kekuatan kesatria baru termasuk Lee Sung-gyebersama keturunan bangsawan baru berdasarkan Konfusianisme. Pergantian istana tersebut tidak dilakukan oleh kekuatan senjata, tetapi turun tahta, hingga disebut'Reformasi Yeoksung'. Meskipun raja mempunyai kekuatan yang mutlak, namun dikendalikan oleh golongan bangsawan yang dilengkapi Konfusianisme, hingga bersifat istimewa.
Di masa kerajaan Chosun, budaya dan ilmu pengetahuan sangat berjaya, misalnya huruf Korea, Hangeul diciptakan, dan alat pengukur curah hujan, dikembangkan. Namun, kerajaan Chosun menjadi panutan dan penuh ketekunan pada ideologi yang terlalu fanatik, jadi masyarakat menjadi tidak aktif.
Setelah memasuki masa modern, kerajaan Chosun yang tidak bisa mengikuti perubahaan dunia di masa modern, dan menjadi korban dalam pertengakaran diantara negara-negara maju, hingga akhirnya tidak bisa dihindari dari penjajahan Jepang di tahun 1910 lalu.
Masa Penjajahan Jepang (tahun 1910 ~ tahun 1945)
- Setelah Jepang membangun Pemerintah Penjajahan Jepang di Korea, Jepang merampas masyarakat Korea serta melarang memakai bahasa Korea dan nama Korea dalam rangka mengasimilasikan masyarakat Korea dengan masyarakat Jepang.
Saat itu Pasukan Kemerdekaan yang bertempat di Cina dan Rusia, terus-menerus berjuang, bahkan Pemerintah Korea Sementara diresmikan di Cina, hingga memimpin gerakan kemerdekaan.
Gerakan Kemerdekaan 1 Maret yang dilaksanakan di seluruh Korea pada tahun 1919, terkenal sebagai gerakan tanpa senjata terhadap tentara dan polisi Jepang yang bersenjata.
Setelah pasukan Jepang pulang ke Jepang seusai Perang Dunia ke-2 di tahun 1945, masa penjajahan Jepang selesai.
Masa Modern
- Setelah Korea merdeka di tahun 1945, pasukan Amerika Serikat dan pasukan Uni Soviet, mendirikan pemerintahan militer di bagian selatan dan di bagian utara semenanjung Korea, hingga benih perpecahan Korea ditaburkan.
Dengan hasil pemilihan umum, di Korea Selatan, lahir pemerintahan baru berlandaskan sistem demokrasi dan kapitalisme di tahun 1947 lalu.
Sementara itu, di Korea Utara, atas dukungan Uni Soviet, lahir pemerintah berdasarkan komunisme.
Akibat penyerangan oleh Korea Utara, Korea mengalami perang mulai tahun 1950 hingga tahun 1953. Keikutsertaan pasukan PBB dan pasukan Cina, mencapai perjanjian gencatan senjata dan pembagian semenanjung Korea terus berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Setelah itu, Korea Selatan melewati masa kekacauan di tahun 1960-an, mencapai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang dijuluki 'Keajaiban Sungai Han' di tahun 1970-an dan memperoleh demokrasi lewat sistem pemilihan presiden secara langsung di akhir tahun 1980-an. Serasi dengan itu, terlepas dari masa perang dingin, Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara mengakui ideologinya masing-masing dan membuka ufuk baru masa perdamaian, rekonsiliasi dan hubungan kerjasama antar Korea.
PARIWISATA
Di Korea ada banyak hal untuk dilihat, dimakan dan dinikmati. Selain lingkungan alam disertai gunung, laut dan ladang yang luas serasi dengan 4 jenis musim yang sifatnya jelas, peninggalan sejarah yang lama di Korea, yakni warisan budaya yang khas juga menarik tatapan mata turis asing. Sementara itu, olahraga maritim, pendakian gunung, berbagai jenis olahraga di musim dingin, dan sebagainya, bisa dinikmati di Korea serta para turis dapat merasa senang mencicipi masakan tradisional Korea yang sekarang ini mendapat sorotan sebagai makanan well-being. Kota metropolitan tidak mau tidur selama 24 jam, hingga pemandangan yang mewah dan kehidupan di waktu malam juga bisa mempersembahkan kenang-kenangan yang indah. Jika para turis tidak mau menikmati keramaian di kota metropolitan seperti itu, enak juga kalau memiliki waktu meditasi untuk merenungkannya sendiri di kuil yang sepi di pegunungan.Peninggalan Sejarah dan Warisan Budaya
- Istana Kuno
- : Kebanyakan istana kuno terletak di ibu kota Seoul.
- Tempat Peninggalan Sejarah
- : Di seluruh pelosok Korea terdapat peninggalan sejarah yang ditetapkan sebagai Warisan Budaya Sedunia oleh UNESCO seperti warisan kerajaan Shilla di kota Kyeongju, Jongmyo, Istana Changkyeong di Seoul, Benteng Hwasung di kota Suwon, kota Buyeo dan sebagainya.
- Warisan Budaya
- : Keharuman seni-budaya kuno Korea dapat dinikmati dari kuil-kuil bersejarah, tempat suci yang memancarkan semangat sarjana di masa kuno, dan sebagainya di seluruh Korea.
Lingkungan Alam
- Laut
- : Selain Pulau Jeju yang indah terapung di laut luas menuju Samudra Pasifik, Laut Selatan yang terkenal sebagai garis pantai yang indah dan air laut yang jernih, Laut Timur yang berwarna biru dan jernih, Laut Barat yang subur dengan berbagai hasil lautan, mempersembahkan pemandangan alam yang indah dan khas masing-masing.
- Gunung
- : Daerah bergunung-gunung di daerah bagian Timur dan provinsi Gangwon, tidak begitu tinggi dan juga bernuansa indah. Ditambah lagi, 4 jenis musim mempersembahkan pemandangan alam yang sangat bervariasi di daerah pegunungan.
Pengalaman
- Kegiatan di Luar
- Hampir semua jenis olahraga hiburan bisa dinikmati di Korea, diantaranya olahraga maritim di musim panas, olahraga di musim dingin, dan pendakian gunung.
- Festival
- Lingkungan alam, masakan dan seni-budaya dapat dialami melalui sekian banyak festival mulai Festival Kupu-kupu, dan Festival Tanah Liat, sampai Pasar Bahan Ramusan.
- Pengalaman Budaya
- : Selain Temple Stay untuk menikmati meditasi di kuil, berbagai acara untuk menikmati sejarah, budaya tradisional, dan kehidupan rakyat jelata Korea, disediakan. Selain itu, kunjungan ke desa perbatasan antar Korea, Panmunjum, juga menarik.
Makanan dan Kehidupan di Waktu Malam
- Makanan
- Makanan Korea yang kini mendapat sorotan sebagai makanan well-being, sangat bervariasi. Dimana saja dan kapan saja para turis dapat mencicipi baik masakan Korea maupun masakan seluruh dunia.
- Kehidupan di Waktu Malam
- : Kota metropolitan tidak mau tidur sedangkan dipenuhi semangat. Karena warga Korea suka menikmati lagu dan dansa sejak masa silam, kehidupan di waktu malam cukup berkembang seperti karaoke dan klub. Kebanyakan jenis minuman alkohol yang dibuat umat manusia juga bisa dicicipi kapan saja di Korea.
Dance in Korea began with shamanistic early rituals five thousand years ago and now ranges from folk dance to newly created and adapted contemporary dance.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Overview
Korean traditional dance originated in ancient shamanistic rituals thousands of years ago. By the time of the later Korean kingdoms, Goryeo and Joseon, in the 2nd millennium CE, Korean traditional dance benefited from regular support of the royal court, numerous academies, and even an official ministry of the government.
A number of different dances gained permanent high status, including the Hermit dance, the Ghost dance, Buchae Chum (the fan dance), Seung Mu (the Monk dance), the Oudong (Entertainer) dance and others, despite the fact that many had humble origins. For example, the Fan dance is believed to have originated with shamans performing nature rites with leaves but evolved into one of the most highly refined Korean dances.
Other Korean dances remained and remain to this day under the ambit of farmers and folk dance groups. Props used in the dances include the long billowing silk scarf of pure white used in the Salpuri dance, drums, hats, swords and others. The props may be peripheral or central to the story of the dance. In the Ghost dance, the entertainer has a joyous reunion with a deceased spouse, only to endure the heartbreak of reseparation, and there may few or no props. On the other hand, the Great Drum dance (one of several forms of drum dances) features a gaudy drum which may be taller than the performer. The drum tempts a monk until finally he succumbs to it and performs a rolling drum "orgy."
Due to the cultural suppression by Imperial Japan, arguably considered cultural genocide during the Colonial Korea, most of the dance academies died out and some dances were lost as well as some of dance forms were distorted. However, few pioneering Korean dancers such as Choi Seung-hee (최승희 崔承喜) created new forms of Korean dances based on the traditional dances and kept many of the traditions alive in secret and abroad, and today Korean traditional dance is enjoying a vibrant resurgence. Numerous universities in Korea teach Korean traditional dance, and even some universities abroad now provide instruction in the forms. Top dancers are recognized as "Living National Treasures" and are charged to pass their dances down to their students. The lineages of dance and dancers may be traced back several generations through such connections.
[edit]Types
Korean traditional dance does not necessarily follow the forms of Western dance; however it does share some similarity with a commonly known form of dance also known as contemporary and lyrical. Moves follow a curvilinear path with little short term repetition. The dancer's legs and feet are often entirely concealed by billowing Hanbok. Emotional attributes of the dances include both somberness and joy. The dancer must embody the fluid motion that surges through the traditional music that the dancers perform to. Korean traditional dance is often performed to Korean traditional music, which includes traditional drums, flutes, and more. The music is what upholds the dance and the dancer is the tool that shows the music in physical form.
[edit]Court dance
Korean court dances is called "jeongjae" (hangul:정재, hanja:呈才) which originally referred to "display of all talent" including not only dance but also other performing arts such as jultagi (줄타기 tightrope walking), gong deonjigi (공던지기), and mokmatagi (목마타기) but gradually only denoted "court dance". The term has been used since the early period of Joseon dynasty.
Jeongjae were used to perform for the royal family, court officials, and foreign envoys or for festive occasions sponsored by the state. Jeongjae is divided into the two categories, "Dangak jeongjae" (당악정재) and "Hyangak jeongjae" (향악정재). Dangak jeongjae are dances derived from court dances of Tang China during the Goryeo dynasty, whereas the other consist of newer court dances originated in Korea.[7]
[edit]Hyangak jeongjae
- Ahbakmu (아박무), Ivory clappers dance
- Bakjeopmu (박접무), fluttering butterfly wings dance
- Bonglaeui (봉래의), phoenix dance
- Cheoyongmu (처용무), dance of Cheoyong, Dragon King's son which is the oldest jeongjae originaed in the Silla period[8]
- Chunaengjeon (춘앵전) dance of the spring nightingaler
- Gainjeonmokdan (가인전목단), dance depicting beautiful women picking peonies
- Geommu (검무), sword dance
- Jinju geomu
- Hakyeon hwadaemu (학연화대무), Crane and lotus pedestal dance
- Goguryeomu (고구려무), Goguryeo dance
- Muaemu (무애무)
- Musanhyang (무산향), fragrance of dancing mountain dance
- Mugo (무고), drum dance
- Gyobang mugo (교방무고)
- Sajamu (사자무), lion dance
- Seonyurak (선유락), boating party dance
[edit]Dangak jeongjae
- Monggeumcheok (몽금척), dream of golden ruler dance
- Pogurak (포구락) ball game dance
- Heonseondo (헌선도), peach-offering dance
[edit]Folk dance
- Seungmu (승무), monk dance
- Seungjeonmu (승전무), literally victory dance
- Salpuri (살풀이), literally spirit-cleansing dance
- Hallyangmu (한량무), dance of prodigal man in yangban class
- Ipchum (입춤), also called "ipmu" or "gibonchum", literally basic dance
- Taepyeongmu (태평무), dance to wish great peace
- Ganggang sullae (강강술래), maidens' circle dance
- Nongak (농악), farmers' performance
- Talchum (탈춤), mask dance
- Byung shin chum (병신춤), dance performed by the lower class peasants to satirize yangban class
- Miyalhalmi chum (미얄할미춤), old woman's dance
- Palmeokjung chum (팔먹중), dance of the eight unworthy monks
- Dongrae hakchum (동래학춤), crane dance performed in Dongrae, Busan
- Buponorichum (부포놀리춤), feather tassel dance
- Chaesang sogochum (채상 소고춤), tambour Dance
- Deotbaegichum (덧배기춤), thrust dance
- Gaksichum (각시춤), maiden's dance
[edit]Ritual dance
Ritual dance in Korea designates a Buddhist dance and Korean folk dances.
- Ilmu (일무), literally line Dance
- Jakbeop (작법)
- Musokchum, or mumu (무속춤, or 무무), dance by mudang (무당, shaman)
[edit]New traditional dance
- Buchaechum (부채춤), fan dance created by Kim Baek-bong (김백봉 金白峰) and first presented in public in 1954[9]
- Hwagwanmu (화관무), floral coronet dance
- Jangguchum (장구춤), dance with janggu, hourglass-shaped drum
- Samgomu Ogomu (삼고무 오고무), a drum dance
- Grand Drum Ensemble (북의 대합주), a drum dance composed by Guk Su-ho (국수호) in 1981. The instruments comprise of all Korean drums.
SOUTH KOREAN'S CULTURE
[edit]Academics
[edit]Literature
[edit]Journalism
[edit]Foreign influences
- Eye shopping (ai syopping 아이 쇼핑) refers to 'window shopping'.
- Service (seobisseu 서비스) usually means 'complimentary', such as a gift with purchase or warranty service.
- Hand phone (hendeu pon 핸드폰) refers to 'mobile phone'.
- Paiting or Hwaiting (a loanword from 'fighting', English) is a phrase used to 'cheer' someone during a difficult trial.
- One shot is a phrase used while drinking similar to bottoms up, suggesting to down your drink in one go.
[edit]Technology
[edit]Cellular phones
[edit]Games
[edit]Popular music
[edit]Noraebang
[edit]Film and television
[edit]Dramas
[edit]Korean animation
The animation studios have increasingly been given new contract work for Korean series. The most famous has been the animation of Korean folklore by KBS in a 150 part series. This series uses 2-D animation, suggestions for scripts and stories by local crew, and was produced "with the object to create a new "Korean Wave animation" that is distinct from Disneymation".
@kpoplovers_area have several options - the tourist attractions in korea!
A). NAMI ISLAND
B). DAEJANGGEUM THEME PARK
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C). LOTTE WORLD
D). N SEOUL TOWER
E). MYEONGDONG
F). JEJU ISLAND
G). NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA
H). SOUTH KOREA EVERLAND
I). GYEONGBOKGUNG
J). DONGDAEMUN SHOPPING COMPLEX
K). NAMDAEMUN MARKET
L). INSADONG
M). CHANGDEOKGUNG
N). ICE SKATING RINK GRAND HYATT SEOUL TOWER
O). HAN RIVER
P). FOLK MUSEUM
Q). TIMES CHEONGGYE
R). KIMCHI MUSEUM
S). GWANDONG PALGYEONG
T). HWASEONG PARK
U). BUKHAN MOUNT
V). SUNGNYEMUN
W). GWANGHWAMUN
X). SEOUL MUSEUM of HISTORY
Y). DEOKSU CASTLE
Z). CHEONG WA DAE
 Pengucapan konsonan pada Hangul mirip dengan konsonan bahasa Indonesia. Sedangkan untuk vokalnya, perhatikan contoh penulisan bahasa Indonesia menggunakan tulisan Hangul di bawah ini:
Sebagai latihan, silakan baca beberapa kalimat dasar berikut ini: 안녕하세요 = hai! 당신은 아름답습니다 = kamu cantik 저는 [____] 입니다 = nama saya [____] 감사합니다 = terima kasih Kesimpulannya, untuk menguasai Hangul, sebenarnya kita cuma perlu menghafal 20 bentuk unit saja, 14 konsonan dasar + 6 vokal dasar. Selebihnya, kita cukup memahami pola improvisasi pada tiap unit tersebut, apakah didobel, +i, +w atau +y. Hal ini lah yang membuat tulisan Korea (Hangul) sangat jauh lebih mudah dipelajari daripada tulisan Cina atau Hanja. Semoga tulisan singkat ini bisa membantu Anda mempelajari tulisan Korea, khususnya bagi Anda yang berkesempatan jalan-jalan di Korea :)
Hangul is a true alphabet of 24 consonant and vowel letters. However, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han; each of these blocks transcribes a syllable. That is, although 한 may look like a single character, it is composed of three distinct letters: ㅎ h, ㅏ a, and ㄴ n. Each Hangul block consists of two to five letters, including at least one consonant and onevowel. These blocks are then arranged either horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. The theoretical total number of different blocks is calculated as 11,172, though far fewer are actually in regular use. For a phonological description, see Korean phonology.
[edit]Names[edit]Official names
[edit]South
[edit]North
[edit]China
[edit]Other names
Until the early twentieth century, Hangeul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite who preferred the traditional hanja writing system.[3] They gave it such names as:
However, these names are now archaic, as the use of hanja in writing has become very rare in South Korea and completely phased out in North Korea.
[edit]History
Main article: Origin of Hangul
Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty. The Hall of Worthies (Jiphyeonjeon, 집현전) is often credited for the work.[5]
The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled Hunmin Jeongeum ("The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People"), after which the alphabet itself was named.[3] The publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent is on January 15.
Various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye ("Hunmin Jeong-eumExplanation and Examples"). This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics and the vowel letters according to the principles of yin and yang and vowel harmony.
In explaining the need for the new script, King Sejong explained that the Korean language was fundamentally different from Chinese; using Chinese characters (known as hanja) to write was so difficult for the common people that only privileged aristocrats (yangban, 양반), usually male, could read and write fluently. The majority of Koreans were effectively illiterate before the invention of Hangul.
Hangul was designed so that even a commoner could learn to read and write; the Haerye says "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days."[6]
Hangul faced opposition by the literary elite, such as Choe Manri and other Korean Confucian scholars in the 1440s, who believed hanja to be the only legitimate writing system, and perhaps saw hangul as a threat to their status.[5] However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women and writers of popular fiction.[7] It was effective enough at disseminating information among the uneducated thatYeonsangun, the paranoid tenth king, forbade the study or use of Hangul and banned Hangul documents in 1504,[8] and King Jungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun (언문청 諺文廳, governmental institution related to Hangul research) in 1506.[9]
The late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre.[10] By this point spelling had become quite irregular.[7]
The first book using hangul in the West was brought to Europe by Isaac Titsingh in 1796. His small library included Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (三国通覧図説 An Illustrated Description of Three Countries) by Hayashi Shihei.[11] This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Joseon Kingdom[12] and hangul.[13] In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.[14]
Due to growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reformists' push, and the promotion of Hangul in schools and literature by Western missionaries,[15] Hangul was adopted in official documents for the first time in 1894.[8] Elementary school texts began using Hangul in 1895, and the Dongnip Sinmun, established in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in both Hangul and English.[16] Still, the literary elites continued to use Chinese characters, and the majority of Koreans remained illiterate at this period.
During Colonial Rule in 1910, Japanese became the official language. However, Hangul was taught in the Korean-established schools of colonial Korea built after the annexation, and Korean was written in a mixed Hanja-Hangul script, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Hangul. Japan had banned earlier Korean literature, and public schooling became mandatory for children. For the majority of Koreans in those times, this was their first time learning Hangul. The orthography was partially standardized in 1912, with 'ㆍ(arae a)' , which is one of vowel in early hangul and isn`t used in modern hangul, restricted to Sino-Korean, the emphatic consonants written ㅺ sg, ㅼ sd, ㅽ sb, ㅆ ss, ㅾ sj, and final consonants restricted to ㄱ g, ㄴ n, ㄹ l, ㅁ m, ㅂ b, ㅅ s, ㅇ ng, ㄺ lg, ㄻ lm, ㄼ lb (no ㄷ d, as it was replaced by s). Long vowels were marked by a diacritic dot to the left of the syllable, but this was dropped in 1921.[7]
A second colonial reform occurred in 1930. Arae a was abolished; the emphatic consonants were changed to ㄲ gg, ㄸ dd, ㅃ bb, ㅆ ss, ㅉ jj; more final consonants (ㄷㅈㅌㅊㅍㄲㄳㄵㄾㄿㅄ) were allowed, making the orthography more morphophonemic; ㅆ ss was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns; and the nominative particle 가 ga was introduced after vowels, replacing ㅣ i. (ㅣ i had been written without an ㅇ iung. The nominative particle had been unvarying i in Sejong's day, and perhaps up to the eighteenth or nineteenth century.)[7]
Ju Sigyeong, who had coined the term Hangul "great script" to replace eonmun "vulgar script" in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (朝鮮語研究會; later renamed Hangul Society, 한글學會) which further reformed orthography with Standardized System of Hangul (한글 맞춤법 통일안) in 1933. The principal change was to make Hangul as morphophonemic as practical given the existing letters.[7] A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940.
However, the Korean language was banned from schools in 1938 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation,[17] and all Korean-language publications were outlawed in 1941.[18]
The definitive modern orthography was published in 1946, just after independence from colonial rule. In 1948 North Korea attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters, and in 1953 Syngman Rhee in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years.[7]
Both Koreas have used Hangul or mixed Hangul as their sole official writing system, with ever-decreasing use of hanja. Since the 1950s, it has become uncommon to find hanja in commercial or unofficial writing in the South, with some South Korean newspapers only using hanja as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. There has been widespread debate as to the future of hanjain South Korea. North Korea instated Hangul as its exclusive writing system in 1949, and banned the use of hanja completely.
The Hunminjeongeum Society in Seoul attempts to spread the use of Hangul to unwritten languages of Asia.[19] In 2009, Hangul was unofficially adopted by the town of Bau-Bau, in Sulawesi,Indonesia, to write the Cia-Cia language.[1][20][21] A number of Indonesian Cia-Cia speakers who visited Seoul generated large media attention in South Korea, and they were greeted on their arrival by Oh Se-hoon, the mayor of Seoul.[22]
[edit]Letters
See also: Hangul consonant and vowel tables
Hangul letters and digraphs are called jamo (자모; 字母) or natsori (낱소리).[nb 2] There are 24 letters and 27 digraphs (and sometimes trigraphs) formed from these letters in the modern alphabet. Of the letters, fourteen are consonants (ja-eum 자음, 子音 "child sounds") and ten are vowels (mo-eum 모음, 母音 "mother sounds"). Five of the consonants are doubled to form the five "tense" (faucalized) consonants of Korean (see below), while another eleven sequences are formed of two different consonants. The ten vowel letters are combined into eleven sequences for diphthongs.
The following letters and sequences are found:
In addition, there are 10 obsolete double consonants: ㅥ, ᄙ, ㅹ, ᄽ, ᄿ, ᅇ, ᇮ, ᅏ, ᅑ, ㆅ.
There are also 66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ, ㅦ, ᄖ, ㅧ, ㅨ, ᇉ, ᄗ, ᇋ, ᄘ, ㅪ, ㅬ, ᇘ, ㅭ, ᇚ, ᇛ, ㅮ, ㅯ, ㅰ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ㅲ, ᄟ, ㅳ, ᇣ, ㅶ, ᄨ, ㅷ, ᄪ, ᇥ, ㅺ, ㅻ, ㅼ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ㅽ, ᄵ, ㅾ, ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ, ᄺ, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ, ᅃ, ᅄ, ᅅ, ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ㆂ, ㆃ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ, and 17 of three consonants: ᇄ, ㅩ, ᇏ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ㅫ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᇖ, ᇞ, ㅴ, ㅵ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ᄳ, ᄴ.
plus obsolete ㆍ
plus obsolete ᆜ, ᆝ, ᆢ
There are also 41 obsolete diphthongs: ᅷ, ᅸ, ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅽ, ᅾ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ᆁ, ᆂ, ᆃ, ㆇ, ㆈ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ㆉ, ᆉ, ᆊ, ᆋ, ᆌ, ᆍ, ᆎ, ᆏ, ᆐ, ㆊ, ㆋ, ᆓ, ㆌ, ᆕ, ᆖ, ᆗ, ᆘ, ᆙ, ᆚ, ᆛ, ᆟ, ᆠ, ㆎ.
Notes:
[edit]Stroke order
All hangul letters follow the rules of Korean and Chinese calligraphy. ㅇ and ㅎ use a circle, which is not used in printed Chinese characters, but is found in cursive styles.
For the iotized vowels, which are not shown, the short stroke is simply doubled.
[edit]Letter design
Numerous linguists have praised Hangul for its featural design, describing it as "remarkable", "the most perfect phonetic system devised", and "brilliant, so deliberately does it fit the language like a glove."[23] The principal reason Hangul has attracted this praise is its partially featural design: The shapes of the letters are related to the features of the sounds they represent: The letters for consonants pronounced in the same place in the mouth are built on the same underlying shape. In addition, vowels are made from vertical or horizontal lines so that they are easily distinguishable from consonants.
Scripts may transcribe languages at the level of morphemes (logographic scripts like hanja), of syllables (syllabic scripts like kana), or of segments (alphabeticscripts like the Latin script used to write English and many other languages.). Hangul goes one step further in some cases, using distinct strokes to indicatedistinctive features such as place of articulation (labial, coronal, velar, or glottal) and manner of articulation (plosive, nasal, sibilant, aspiration) for consonants, andiotation (a preceding i- sound), harmonic class, and I-mutation for vowels.
For instance, the consonant ㅌ t [tʰ] is composed of three strokes, each one meaningful: the top stroke indicates ㅌ is a plosive, like ㆆ ’, ㄱ g, ㄷ d, ㅈ j, which have the same stroke (the last is an affricate, a plosive–fricative sequence); the middle stroke indicates that ㅌ is aspirated, like ㅎ h, ㅋ k, ㅊ ch, which also have this stroke; and the curved bottom stroke indicates that ㅌ is alveolar, like ㄴ n, ㄷ d, and ㄹ l. (This element is said to represent the shape of the tongue when pronouncing coronal consonants, though this is not certain.) Two consonants, ㆁ and ㅱ, have dual pronunciations, and appear to be composed of two elements corresponding to these two pronunciations: [ŋ]~silence for ㆁ and [m]~[w] for obsolete ㅱ.
With vowel letters, a short stroke connected to the main line of the letter indicates that this is one of the vowels that can be iotated; this stroke is then doubled when the vowel is iotated. The position of the stroke indicates which harmonic class the vowel belongs to, "light" (top or right) or "dark" (bottom or left). In the modern alphabet, an additional vertical stroke indicates i-mutation, deriving ㅐ [ɛ], ㅔ [e], ㅚ [ø], and ㅟ [y] from ㅏ [a], ㅓ [ʌ], ㅗ [o], and ㅜ [u]. However, this is not part of the intentional design of the script, but rather a natural development from what were originally diphthongs ending in the vowel ㅣ [i]. Indeed, in many Korean dialects[citation needed], including the standard dialect of Seoul, some of these may still be diphthongs.
Although the design of the script may be featural, for all practical purposes it behaves as an alphabet. The letter ㅌ isn't read as three letters alveolar aspirated plosive, for instance, but as a single consonant t. Likewise, the former diphthong ㅔ is read as a single vowel e.
Beside the letters, Hangul originally employed diacritic marks to indicate pitch accent. A syllable with a high pitch (거성) was marked with a dot (ჿᅠᆧ〮) to the left of it (when writing vertically); a syllable with a rising pitch (상성) was marked with a double dot, like a colon (ჿᅠᆧ〯). These are no longer used. Although vowel length is still phonemic in Korean, it is no longer written.
Although some aspects of Hangul reflect a shared history with the Phagspa script, and thus Indic phonology, such as the relationships among the homorganic letters and the alphabetic principleitself, other aspects such as organization of letters into syllabic blocks, and which Phagspa letters were chosen to be basic to the system, reflect the influence of Chinese writing and phonology (see below).
[edit]Consonant design
The consonant letters fall into five homorganic groups, each with a basic shape, and one or more letters derived from this shape by means of additional strokes. In the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haeryeaccount, the basic shapes iconically represent the articulations the tongue, palate, teeth, and throat take when making these sounds.
The Korean names for the groups are taken from Chinese phonetics:
The phonetic theory inherent in the derivation of glottal stop ㆆ and aspirate ㅎ from the null ㅇ may be more accurate than Chinese phonetics or modern IPA usage. In Chinese theory and in the IPA, the glottal consonants are posited as having a specific "glottal" place of articulation. However, recent phonetic theory has come to view the glottal stop[citation needed] and [h] to be isolated features of 'stop' and 'aspiration' without an inherent place of articulation, just as their Hangul representations based on the null symbol assume.
[edit]Vowel design
Vowel letters are based on three elements:
Short strokes (dots in the earliest documents) were added to these three basic elements to derive the vowel letter:
The compound vowels ending in ㅣ i were originally diphthongs. However, several have since evolved into pure vowels:
The simple iotated vowels are,
There are also two iotated diphthongs,
The Korean language of the 15th century had vowel harmony to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels in grammatical morphemes changed according to their environment, falling into groups that "harmonized" with each other. This affected the morphology of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of yin and yang: If a root word had yang ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes attached to it also had to have yang vowels; conversely, if the root had yin ('dark') vowels, the suffixes needed to be yin as well. There was a third harmonic group called "mediating" ('neutral' in Western terminology) that could coexist with either yin or yang vowels.
The Korean neutral vowel was ㅣ i. The yin vowels were ㅡㅜㅓ eu, u, eo; the dots are in the yin directions of 'down' and 'left'. The yang vowels were ㆍㅗㅏ ə, o, a, with the dots in the yangdirections of 'up' and 'right'. The Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye states that the shapes of the non-dotted letters ㅡㆍㅣ were chosen to represent the concepts of yin, yang, and mediation: Earth, Heaven, and Human. (The letter ㆍ ə is now obsolete except in the Jeju dialect.)
There was yet a third parameter in designing the vowel letters, namely, choosing ㅡ as the graphic base of ㅜ and ㅗ, and ㅣ as the graphic base of ㅓ and ㅏ. A full understanding of what these horizontal and vertical groups had in common would require knowing the exact sound values these vowels had in the 15th century.
Our uncertainty is primarily with the three letters ㆍㅓㅏ. Some linguists reconstruct these as *a, *ɤ, *e, respectively; others as *ə, *e, *a. A third reconstruction is to make them all middle vowels as *ʌ, *ɤ, *a.[24] With the third reconstruction, Middle Korean vowels actually line up in a tidy vowel harmony pattern, albeit with only one front vowel and four middle vowels:
However, the horizontal letters ㅡㅜㅗ eu, u, o do all appear to have been mid to high back vowels, [*ɯ, *u, *o], and thus to have formed a coherent group phonetically in every reconstruction.
[edit]Traditional account
See also: Origin of Hangul
The generally accepted account[nb 3][25] on the design of the letters is that the vowels are derived from various combinations of the following three components: ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ. Here, ㆍ symbolically stands for the (sun in) heaven, ㅡ stands for the (flat) earth, and ㅣ stands for an (upright) human. The original sequence of the Korean vowels, as stated in Hunminjeongeum, listed these three vowels first, followed by a various combinations. Thus, the original order for the vowels was: ㆍ ㅡ ㅣ ㅗ ㅏ ㅜ ㅓ ㅛ ㅑ ㅠ ㅕ. Note that two positive vowels (ㅗ ㅏ) including one ㆍ are followed by two negative vowels including one ㆍ, then by two positive vowels each including two of ㆍ, and then by two negative vowels each including two of ㆍ. The same theory provides the most simple explanation of the shapes of the consonants as approximation of the shapes of the most representative organ needed to form that sound. The original order of the consonants in Hunmin Jeong-eum was: ㄱ ㅋ ㆁ ㄷ ㅌ ㄴ ㅂ ㅍ ㅁ ㅈ ㅊ ㅅ ㆆ ㅎ ㅇ ㄹ ㅿ. For example, ㄱ representing the "g" sound geometrically describes a tongue just before the moment of pronunciation as the tongue blocks the passage of air. ㅋ representing the "k" sound is derived from ㄱ by adding another stroke. ㆁ representing the "ŋ" sound may have been derived from ㅇ by addition of a stroke. ㄷ representing the "d" sound is derived from ㄴ by addition of a stroke. ㅌ representing the "t" sound is derived from ㄷ by adding another stroke. ㄴ representing the "n" sound geometrically describes a tongue making contact with an upper palate just before making the "n" sound. ㅂ representing the "b" sound is derived from ㅁ by adding strokes. ㅍ representing the "p" sound is a variant of ㅂ, which is obtained by a 90 degree rotation and extension the horizontal strokes. ㅁ representing the "m" sound geometrically describes a closed mouth before opening the lips. ㅈ representing the "dʒ" sound is derived from the shape of ㅅ by adding strokes. ㅊ representing the "ch" sound is derived from ㅈ by adding another stroke. ㅅ representing the "s" sound geometrically describes a near contact between the tongue and the teeth.[citation needed] ㆆ representing a weak "h" sound geometrically describes an open throat with a bar to indicate that there is an aspiration. ㅎ representing the "h" sound is derived from ㆆ with the extra stroke representing a stronger flow of the aspiration. ㅇ representing the absence of a consonant geometrically describes an open mouth, which necessarily accompanies the following vowel. ㄹ representing a sound between "r" and "l" geometrically describes a backward-bending tongue. ㅿ representing a weak "s" sound is also derived from the shape of the teeth, but has a different origin than ㅅ and is not derived from ㅅ by addition of a stroke. Therefore, according to the standard theory, all alphabets in Hangul are pure geometric representations of either the shapes of pronunciation organs or abstract symbols. Ledyard's theory below is rejected by the majority of Korean scholars.[according to whom?]
[edit]Ledyard's theory of consonant design
Although the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye explains the design of the consonantal letters in terms of articulatory phonetics, as a purely innovative creation, there are several theories as to which external sources may have inspired or influenced King Sejong's creation. Professor Gari Ledyard of Columbia University studied on possible connections between Hangul and the Mongol Phagspa script of the Yuan dynasty. However, it should be noted that, against common misinterpretations of his study, Ledyard thought the role of Phags-pa script in the creation of Hangul was quite limited and he did not claim that Hangul was derived from the Phagspa script. Ledyard wrote in his doctoral thesis:
"...but it should be clear to any reader that in the total picture, that [Phagspa script's] role was quite limited ... Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was derived from the Mongol 'phags-pa script...""[26]
A sixth basic letter, the null initial ㅇ, was invented by Sejong. The rest of the letters were derived internally from these six, essentially as described in the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. However, the five borrowed consonants were not the graphically simplest letters considered basic by the Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye, but instead the consonants basic to Chinese phonology: ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ, and ㄹ.
The Hunmin Jeong-eum states that King Sejong adapted the 古篆 ("Gǔ Seal Script") in creating Hangul. The 古篆 has never been identified. The primary meaning of 古 gǔ is "old" ("Old Seal Script"), frustrating philologists because Hangul bears no functional similarity to Chinese 篆字 seal scripts. However, Ledyard believes 古 gǔ may be a pun on 蒙古 Měnggǔ "Mongol", and that 古篆 is an abbreviation of 蒙古篆字 "Mongol Seal Script", that is, the formal variant of the Phagspa alphabet written to look like the Chinese seal script. There were Phagspa manuscripts in the Korean palace library, including some in the seal-script form, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well.
If this was the case, Sejong's evasion on the Mongol connection can be understood in light of Korea's relationship with Ming China after the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, and of the literati's contempt for the Mongols as "barbarians".
According to Ledyard, the five borrowed letters were graphically simplified, which allowed for consonant clusters and left room to add a stroke to derive the aspirate plosives, ㅋㅌㅍㅊ. But in contrast to the traditional account, the non-plosives (ng ㄴㅁ and ㅅ) were derived by removing the top of the basic letters. He points out that while it's easy to derive ㅁ from ㅂ by removing the top, it's not clear how to derive ㅂ from ㅁ in the traditional account, since the shape of ㅂ is not analogous to those of the other plosives.
The explanation of the letter ng also differs from the traditional account. Many Chinese words began with ng, but by King Sejong's day, initial ng was either silent or pronounced [ŋ] in China, and was silent when these words were borrowed into Korean. Also, the expected shape of ng (the short vertical line left by removing the top stroke of ㄱ) would have looked almost identical to the vowel ㅣ [i]. Sejong's solution solved both problems: The vertical stroke left from ㄱ was added to the null symbol ㅇ to create ㆁ (a circle with a vertical line on top), iconically capturing both the pronunciation [ŋ] in the middle or end of a word, and the usual silence at the beginning. (The graphic distinction between null ㅇ and eng ㆁ was eventually lost.)
Another letter composed of two elements to represent two regional pronunciations was ㅱ, which transcribed the Chinese initial 微. This represented either m or w in various Chinese dialects, and was composed of ㅁ [m] plus ㅇ (from Phagspa [w]). In Phagspa, a loop under a letter represented w after vowels, and Ledyard proposes this became the loop at the bottom of ㅱ. Now, in Phagspa the Chinese initial 微 is also transcribed as a compound withw, but in its case the w is placed under an h. Actually, the Chinese consonant series 微非敷 w, v, f is transcribed in Phagspa by the addition of a wunder three graphic variants of the letter for h, and Hangul parallels this convention by adding the w loop to the labial series ㅁㅂㅍ m, b, p, producing now-obsolete ㅱㅸㆄ w, v, f. (Phonetic values in Korean are uncertain, as these consonants were only used to transcribe Chinese.)
As a final piece of evidence, Ledyard notes that most of the borrowed Hangul letters were simple geometric shapes, at least originally, but that ㄷ d [t] always had a small lip protruding from the upper left corner, just as the Phagspa d [t] did. This lip can be traced back to the Tibetan letter d, ད.
[edit]Sorting order
The alphabetical order of Hangul does not mix consonants and vowels as the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets do. Rather, the order is that of the Indic type, first velar consonants, then coronals, labials, sibilants, etc. However, the vowels come after the consonants rather than before them as in the Indic systems.
[edit]Historical orders
The consonantal order of the Hunmin Jeongeum in 1446 was,
and the order of vowels was,
In 1527, Choe Sejin reorganized the alphabet:
This is the basis of the modern alphabetic orders. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters ㅇ (null) and ㆁ (ng). Thus when the South Korean and North Korean governments implemented full use of Hangul, they ordered these letters differently, with South Korea grouping similar letters together, and North Korea placing new letters at the end of the alphabet.
[edit]South Korean order
In the Southern order, double letters are placed immediately after their single counterparts. No distinction is made between silent and nasal ㅇ:
The modern monophthongal vowels come first, with the derived forms interspersed according to their form: first added i, then iotized, then iotized with added i. Diphthongs beginning with w are ordered according to their spelling, as ㅏ or ㅓ plus a second vowel, not as separate digraphs.
The order of the final letters is,
("None" means there is no final letter.)
[edit]North Korean order
North Korea maintains a more traditional order:
ㅇ used as an initial, goes at the very end, as it is a placeholder for the vowels which follow. (A syllable with no final is ordered before all syllables with finals, however, not with null ㅇ.)
The new, double, letters are placed at the end of the consonants, just before the null ㅇ, so as not to alter the traditional order of the rest of the alphabet.
The order of the vowel letters is,
All digraphs and trigraphs, including the old diphthongs ㅐ and ㅔ, are placed after the simple vowels, again maintaining Choe's alphabetic order.
The order of the final letters is,
Unlike when it is initial, this ㅇ is pronounced, as the nasal ㅇ ng, which occurs only as a final in the modern language. The double letters are placed to the very end, as in the initial order, but the combined consonants are ordered immediately after their first element.
[edit]Letter names
The Hangul arrangement is called the ganada order, (가나다 순) which is basically an alphabetical order named after the first three letters (g, n, d) affixed to the first vowel (a). The letters were named by Choe Sejin in 1527. North Korea regularized the names when it made Hangul its official orthography.
[edit]Consonant names
The modern consonants have two-syllable names, with the consonant coming both at the beginning and end of the name, as follows:
All consonants in North Korea, and all but three in the more traditional nomenclature used in South Korea, have names of the format of letter + i + eu +letter. For example, Choe wrote bieup with the hanja 非 bi 邑 eup. The names of g, d, and s are exceptions because there were no hanja for euk, eut,and eus. 役 yeok is used in place of euk. Since there is no hanja that ends in t or s, Choi chose two hanja to be read in their Korean gloss, 末 kkeut"end" and 衣 ot "clothes".
Originally, Choi gave j, ch, k, t, p, and h the irregular one-syllable names of ji, chi, ki, ti, pi, and hi, because they should not be used as final consonants, as specified in Hunmin jeong-eum. But after the establishment of the new orthography in 1933, which allowed all consonants to be used as finals, the names were changed to the present forms.
The double consonants are named with the word 쌍/雙 ssang, meaning "twin" or "double", or with 된 doen in North Korea, meaning "strong". Thus:
In North Korea, an alternate way to refer to a consonant is by the name letter + ŭ (ㅡ), for example, 그 kŭ for the letter ㄱ, 쓰 ssŭ for the letter ㅆ, etc.
[edit]Vowel names
The names of the vowel letters are simply the vowel itself, written with the null initial ㅇ ieung and the vowel being named. Thus:
[edit]Obsolete letters
Several letters are obsolete. These include several that represent Korean sounds that have since disappeared from the standard language, as well as a larger number used to represent the sounds of the Chinese rime tables. The most frequently encountered of these archaic letters are:
There were two other now-obsolete double letters,
In the original Hangul system, double letters were used to represent Chinese voiced (濁音) consonants, which survive in the Shanghainese slack consonants, and were not used for Korean words. It was only later that a similar convention was used to represent the modern "tense" (faucalized) consonants of Korean.
The sibilant ("dental") consonants were modified to represent the two series of Chinese sibilants, alveolar and retroflex, a "round" vs. "sharp" distinction (analogous to s vs sh) which was never made in Korean, and which was even being lost from southern Chinese. The alveolar letters had longer left stems, while retroflexes had longer right stems:
There were also consonant clusters that have since dropped out of the language, such as the initials ㅴ bsg and ㅵ bsd, as well as diphthongs that were used to represent Chinese medials, such as ㆇ, ㆈ, ㆊ, ㆋ.
Some of the Korean sounds represented by these obsolete letters still exist in some dialects.
[edit]Unicode
See also: List of Hangul Jamo
Hangul Jamo (U+1100—U+11FF) and Hangul Compatibility Jamo (U+3130—U+318F) were added to the Unicode Standard in June, 1993 with the release of version 1.1.
Hangul Jamo Extended-A (U+A960—U+A97F) and Hangul Jamo Extended-B (U+D7B0—U+D7FF) were added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
Hangul in other Unicode blocks:
[edit]Restored letters
To make Hangul a perfect morphophonological fit to the Korean language, North Korea introduced six new letters, which were published in the New Orthography for the Korean Language and used officially from 1948 to 1954.
Two obsolete letters were restored: <ㅿ> (리읃), which was used to indicate an alternation in pronunciation between initial /l/ and final /d/; and <ㆆ> (히으), which was only pronounced between vowels. Two modifications of the letter ㄹ were introduced, one for a ㄹ which is silent finally, and one for a ㄹ which doubled between vowels. A hybrid ㅂ-ㅜ letter was introduced for words which alternated between those two sounds (that is, a /b/ which became /w/ before a vowel). Finally, a vowel <1> was introduced for variable iotation.
[edit]Morpho-syllabic blocks
Except for a few grammatical morphemes prior to the twentieth century, no letter may stand alone to represent elements of the Korean language. Instead, letters are grouped into syllabic or morphemic blocks of at least two and often three: (1) a consonant or a doubled consonant called the initial (초성, 初聲choseong syllable onset), (2) a vowel or diphthong called the medial (중성, 中聲 jungseong syllable nucleus), and, optionally, (3) a consonant or consonant cluster at the end of the syllable, called the final (종성, 終聲 jongseong syllable coda). When a syllable has no actual initial consonant, thenull initial ㅇ ieung is used as a placeholder. (In modern Hangul, placeholders are not used for the final position.) Thus, a block contains a minimum of two letters, an initial and a medial. Although the Hangul had historically been organized into syllables, in the modern orthography it is first organized into morphemes, and only secondarily into syllables within those morphemes, with the exception that single-consonant morphemes may not be written alone. (See Orthography.)
The sets of initial and final consonants are not the same. For instance, ㅇ ng only occurs in final position, while the doubled letters that can occur in final position are limited to ㅆ ss and ㄲ kk. For a list of initials, medials, and finals, see Hangul consonant and vowel tables.
Not including obsolete letters, there are 11 172 possible Hangul blocks.
[edit]Letter placement within a block
The placement or "stacking" of letters in the block follows set patterns based on the shape of the medial.
Blocks are always written in phonetic order, initial-medial-final. Therefore,
[edit]Block shape
Normally the resulting block is written within a square of the same size and shape as a hanja (Chinese character) by compressing or stretching the letters to fill the bounds of the block; therefore someone not familiar with the scripts may mistake Hangul text for Hanja or Chinese text.
However, some recent fonts (for example Eun, HY깊은샘물M, UnJamo) move towards the European practice of letters whose relative size is fixed, and the use of whitespace to fill letter positions not used in a particular block, and away from the East Asian tradition of square block characters (方块字). They break one or more of the traditional rules:
So far, these fonts have been used as design accents on signs or headings, rather than for typesetting large volumes of body text.
[edit]Linear Hangul
There was a minor and unsuccessful movement in the early twentieth century to abolish syllabic blocks and write the letters individually and in a row, in the fashion of the European alphabets: e.g. ㅎㅏㄴㄱㅡㄹ for 한글 hangeul.[27]
Avant-garde typographer Ahn Sangsu made a font for the "Hangul Dada" exposition that exploded the syllable blocks; but while it strings out the letters horizontally, it retains the distinctive vertical position each letter would normally have within a block, unlike the century-old linear writing proposals.[28]
While Koreans have largely accepted the European-derived conventions of writing successive syllables left-to-right in horizontal lines instead of in vertical columns, adding spaces between words, and European-style punctuation, they have completely resisted getting rid of syllabic blocks,[citation needed] the most distinctive feature of this writing system.
[edit]Orthography
Until the 20th century, no official orthography of Hangul had been established. Due to liaison, heavy consonant assimilation, dialectical variants and other reasons, a Korean word can potentially be spelled in various ways. King Sejong seemed to prefer morphophonemic spelling (representing the underlying root forms) rather than a phonemic one (representing the actual sounds). However, early in its history, Hangul was dominated by phonemic spelling. Over the centuries the orthography became partially morphophonemic, first in nouns, and later in verbs. Today it is as morphophonemic as is practical. The difference between phonetic Romanization, phonemic orthography, and morpho-phonemic orthography can be illustrated with the phrase motaneun sarami:
After the Gabo Reform in 1894, the Joseon Dynasty and later the Korean Empire started to write all official documents in Hangul. Under the government's management, proper usage of Hangul and Hanja, including orthography, was discussed, until Korean Empire was annexed by Japan in 1910.
The Government-General of Korea popularized the writing style of a mixture of Hanja and Hangul which was used in later Joseon dynasty. The government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, which were relatively phonemic.
The Hangul Society, originally founded by Ju Si-gyeong, announced a proposal for a new, strongly morphophonemic orthography in 1933, which became the prototype of the contemporary orthographies in both North and South Korea. After Korea was divided, the North and South revised orthographies separately. The guiding text for Hangul orthography is called Hangeul Machumbeop, whose last South Korean revision was published in 1988 by the Ministry of Education.
[edit]Mixed scripts
Since the Late Joseon dynasty period, various Hanja-Hangul mixed systems were used. In these systems, hanja was used for lexical roots, and Hangul for grammatical words and inflections, much as kanji and kana are used in Japanese. Today however, hanja have been almost entirely phased out of daily use in North Korea, and in South Korea they are now mostly restricted to parenthetical glosses for proper names and for disambiguating homonyms.
Indo-Arabic numerals are also mixed in with Hangul, as in 2007년 3월 22일 (22 March 2007).
The Latin script, and occasionally other scripts, may be sprinkled within Korean texts for illustrative purposes, or for unassimilated loanwords. Very occasionally non-Hangul letters may be mixed into Hangul syllabic blocks, as Gㅏ Ga at right.
[edit]Readability
The organization of Hangul syllables—with individual phonemes clustered into a syllable, rather than organized in a horizontal line as in English—is thought by some observers[who?] to be a powerful reading aid.[citation needed] Because of the clustering of syllables, words are shorter on the page than their linear counterparts would be, and the boundaries between syllables are easily visible (which may aid reading, if segmenting words into syllables is more natural for the reader than dividing them up into phonemes).[29] Because the component parts of the syllable are relatively simple phonemic characters, the number of strokes per character on average is lower than in Chinese characters. Unlike syllabaries, such as Japanese kana, or Chinese logographs, none of which encode the constituent phonemes within a syllable, the graphic complexity of Korean syllabic blocks varies in direct proportion with the phonemic complexity of the syllable.[30] Unlike linear alphabets such as English, the Korean orthography allows the reader to "utilize both the horizontal and vertical visual fields";[31] finally, since Hangul syllables are represented both as collections of phonemes and as unique-looking graphs, they may allow for both visual and aural retrieval of words from the lexicon.
[edit]Style
Hangul may be written either vertically or horizontally. The traditional direction is from top to bottom, right to left. Horizontal writing in the style of the Latin script was promoted by Ju Sigyeong, and has become overwhelmingly prevalent.
In Hunmin Jeongeum, Hangul was printed in sans-serif angular lines of even thickness. This style is found in books published before about 1900, and can be found today in stone carvings (on statues, for example).
Over the centuries, an ink-brush style of calligraphy developed, employing the same style of lines and angles as traditional Korean calligraphy. This brush style is called gungche (궁체 宮體), which means "Palace Style" because the style was mostly developed and used by the maidservants (gungnyeo, 궁녀 宮女) of the court in Joseon dynasty.
Modern styles that are more suited for printed media were developed in the 20th century. In 1993, new names for both Myeongjo and Gothic styles were introduced when Ministry of Culture initiated an effort to standardize typographic terms, and the names Batang (바탕, meaning "background") and Dotum(돋움, meaning "stand out") replaced Myeongjo and Gothic respectively. These names are also used in Microsoft Windows.
A sans-serif style with lines of equal width is popular with pencil and pen writing, and is often the default typeface of Web browsers. A minor advantage of this style is that it makes it easier to distinguish -eung from -ung even in small or untidy print, as the jongseong ieung (ㅇ) of such fonts usually lacks a serif that could be mistaken for the short vertical line of the letter ㅜ (u)
MORE....
Berikut ini saya mau membagikan cara praktis mempelajari tulisan Korea (aksara Hangul). Sebuah karakter Hangul disusun dari 2 atau lebih unit. Unit tersebut terdiri dari beberapa konsonan dan vokal, yaitu: 14 konsonan dasar + 5 konsonan ganda
6 vokal dasar + 15 turunannya (+i, +y, +w)
Cara penyusunan unit-unit tersebut umumnya atas→bawah, atau atas→kanan→bawah. Supaya lebih jelas, silakan lihat gambar di bawah ini:
Dari gambar di atas, perhatikan juga bahwa ada beberapa konsonan yang akan berubah bunyinya jika ditaruh di bawah (final), antara lain:
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order-2.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
_stroke_order.png){kind=small}
No comments:
Post a Comment